The Reason for God

1.Keller describes the congregation at Redeemer Presbyterian in Manhattan as filled with both fervent believers and committed skeptics who sat side by side. What does that picture suggest about the kind of conversation he is trying to create in this book — and what kind of conversation are you hoping to have in this study?

2.Keller argues that a "leap of doubt" is just as much a faith commitment as a "leap of faith" — that to doubt Christianity requires trusting a set of assumptions that are themselves unproven. Do you find that argument initially compelling or annoying? Why?

1.Keller opens with the common assertion that "all religions are basically the same" or that "no one religion can be right and the rest wrong." What is the emotional appeal of that view? Where have you heard it most often — from friends, culture, social media?

2.He uses the illustration of the blind men and the elephant — the familiar parable meant to show that each religion only grasps part of the truth. Keller points out that the person telling the parable has to claim they can see the whole elephant. What does this reveal about the hidden claim embedded in religious relativism?

1.Keller describes sitting with people in his congregation who have experienced devastating loss and who ask, "How could a good God allow this?" Before you engage the arguments, sit with that question personally: Have you ever asked it yourself, or has someone close to you asked it? What did it feel like?

2.He argues that the existence of suffering does not logically disprove the existence of God — because the argument from suffering requires a standard of "what should be," and that standard itself implies a moral order that points back toward God. Walk through that argument in your own words. Does it hold up?

1.Keller quotes the common complaint that Christianity's moral rules restrict personal freedom and individual self-expression. How prevalent is this objection in the culture around you? Where do you most often encounter it?

2.He introduces the argument that all communities and all relationships require constraints — that freedom is not the absence of all limits but the presence of the right limits. He uses the example of a fish being "free" in water but not on dry land. How does this reframe the concept of freedom?

1.Keller acknowledges the genuine historical evils done in the name of Christianity without flinching. How did you respond to his willingness to admit the church's failures? Does intellectual honesty about Christian history strengthen or weaken his overall case, in your view?

2.He makes the argument that the atrocities committed by Christians were done in direct violation of the teachings of Jesus — and that the reformers and abolitionists who eventually corrected those evils were also motivated by Christian faith. How strong is this argument? Does it excuse the church, or simply clarify what is actually being evaluated?

1.What is your instinctive reaction to the traditional Christian doctrine of hell? Where did that reaction come from — upbringing, culture, personal experience, theology?

2.Keller argues that the modern objection to hell is based on a particular view of love — that a loving God would never allow permanent consequences for human choices. He pushes back by asking whether a love that overrides all human choices is really love or is actually coercion. How do you respond to that argument?

1.How prevalent is the assumption that "science has disproved God" in your workplace, school, or social circles? What specific scientific findings or arguments are usually cited to support it?

2.Keller argues that the "conflict thesis" — the idea that science and religion have always been at war — is a myth invented in the 19th century, and that historically, modern science grew largely out of a Christian intellectual framework. Were you aware of this historical argument? How does it reframe the conversation?

1.What is your own history with the Bible — have you read it extensively, occasionally, or rarely? What is your default assumption about its reliability going into this chapter?

2.Keller notes that the charge "you can't take the Bible literally" often reveals a confusion about what "literally" means. He argues that every careful reader already reads the Bible with genre awareness — distinguishing poetry from history from letter from prophecy. How does this reframe the question of biblical interpretation?

1.Keller describes the Interlude as a transition from "clearing away objections" to "building a positive case." Why might this two-step structure be more persuasive than simply leading with arguments for God's existence? What is he assuming about his reader's state of mind?

2.He introduces several "clues of God" — features of human experience that cry out for explanation: the regularity of nature, the existence of objective moral values, the near-universal human experience of beauty and transcendence. Which of these clues do you find most personally arresting? Which do you find least convincing?

1.Keller opens Part Two by arguing that the skeptic also requires faith — faith that the universe has no personal origin. He says that theism and atheism are both metaphysical commitments that go beyond what science can demonstrate. Do you think that is a fair characterization of atheism?

2.He engages the cosmological argument: the universe began, everything that begins has a cause, therefore the universe has a cause. And that cause must be outside of space, time, and matter. Walk through this argument carefully. Where do you think its strongest and weakest points are?

1.Keller opens by observing that virtually all people, in all cultures and times, have shared certain core moral intuitions: that gratuitous cruelty is wrong, that justice matters, that human dignity deserves respect. Where do you think these intuitions come from? What is the strongest naturalistic explanation you have encountered?

2.He uses the example of condemning the Holocaust: if morality is purely relative to culture or personal preference, on what basis can we say that what the Nazis did was genuinely, objectively wrong — and not merely something we happen to dislike? Walk through the implications of moral relativism taken seriously.

1.How do you typically hear the word "sin" used in culture — in churches, in media, in everyday conversation? What associations does it carry? How does Keller's definition of sin differ from the typical popular understanding?

2.Keller defines sin not primarily as "breaking rules" but as building your identity on anything other than God — making something a good thing into an ultimate thing, what Augustine called having "disordered loves." How does this definition expand or clarify your understanding of what has gone wrong in human life?

1.Keller draws a sharp contrast between "religion" (I obey, therefore God accepts me) and "gospel" (God accepts me in Christ, therefore I obey). Before reading this chapter, how would you have described the relationship between behavior and God's acceptance? Has Keller's framing shifted anything for you?

2.He argues that most people — including many people in church — are operating on a fundamentally religious rather than gospel-shaped logic: trying to establish their worth before God (and others) through performance. Why is this tendency so persistent, even in people who intellectually know the gospel?

1.Many people find the doctrine of the atonement — that Jesus died as a substitute for sinners — morally troubling, even offensive. What is the most common objection you have heard? Before working through Keller's response, try to state the objection as charitably and powerfully as you can.

2.Keller presents several models of the atonement — the cross as moral example, as Christus Victor (defeating the powers of sin and death), and as substitutionary atonement — arguing that they are not mutually exclusive but that substitution is the heart that gives the others their meaning. Why does Keller insist that substitution is not one theory among equals but the center?

1.Keller quotes Paul's statement in 1 Corinthians 15 that "if Christ has not been raised, your faith is futile." Paul stakes everything on the historical resurrection. How does this differ from a religious worldview that says "it doesn't matter whether it literally happened — the spiritual meaning is what counts"?

2.He works through the main alternative explanations for the empty tomb and the resurrection appearances — the "wrong tomb" theory, the "hallucination" theory, the "legend" theory — and argues that each fails on historical grounds. Which of these alternative explanations have you encountered? Which did you find most initially plausible, and how does Keller respond to it?

1.When you wrote down your most pressing question or doubt at the end of Week 1, what was it? Return to it now. How has Keller addressed it — or not? Has your thinking changed, deepened, or stiffened? Be specific.

2.Which single chapter or argument in the book was most personally impactful for you — the one that most changed how you think or feel? What made it so significant?